SW to v0.4, timing only via watchdog, filled a little bit README.MD
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@@ -14,7 +14,16 @@ FireFly Solar is a small outdoor LED blinker inspired by the idea of an LED thro
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During the day, the solar cell charges the energy storage.
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At night, the circuit wakes up and sends a simple Morse-style light signal.
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The project is partly a small garden object, partly a low-power electronics experiment, and partly a design exercise for future DIY kits.
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## About this Project
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FireFly Solar is my **technology playground**. It is a small garden object, but its real purpose is to learn by building something complete. With it I learn about:
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- **Circuit design at the edge**: in this case, as low power as possible
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- **PCB design**
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- **Weatherproof casing**
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- **ATtiny programming**
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Possible next technology step: everything about DIY SMD design and soldering.
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## Project Goals
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@@ -24,6 +33,40 @@ The project is partly a small garden object, partly a low-power electronics expe
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- Test mechanical concepts for outdoor 3D-printed parts
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- Learn what is needed to turn a small electronics project into a possible DIY kit
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## Software
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The firmware runs on an **ATtiny85** at 1 MHz (internal clock, ATTinyCore: `clock=1internal`, `millis=disabled`). The LED itself is used as the light sensor. When it is dark, the firefly sends a short Morse text ("TGO 26") about once a minute.
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### Current Firmware version: v0.4 (2026-11-08)
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Goal: lowest possible average current.
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Changes vs v0.3:
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- No `delay()` / `millis()`; Timer0 and Timer1 are gated off in PRR.
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- The watchdog (interrupt mode) is the only timebase: Morse units (~96 ms), the sensing window and the 8 s sleeps. The CPU sleeps in power-down in between.
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- Darkness sensing: the CPU sleeps in 16 ms steps while the LED junction discharges, instead of a busy `digitalRead()` loop. Bright light exits after the first step. `darknessThreshold` is replaced by `darkSteps`.
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- The ADC is disabled before it is gated off in PRR; pins are set up before PRR.
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- After a power-on or external reset, no blinking for `RECOVER_CYCLES` (about 16 min), so the supercap can recharge.
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- `DEBUG_TEST` switch for bench testing: 8 s cycle, no recovery wait, short flash when the sketch decides "bright". Set it to 0 for the field.
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- Optional `BOD_FUSE_ENABLED` (BOD off during sleep); unused with the BOD fuse off.
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Tested: compiles with ATTinyCore and runs on hardware. Current draw is not yet measured.
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## PCB
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- Finished: a batch of 10 is assembled, tested and working.
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- Latest adjustment: fine-tuned the resistors for the LED, and the 3.9 V Zener diode is confirmed safe avoid overcharging 4V supercap.
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- Next version: the PCB should be a little shorter. The wiring space is a bit too tight now.
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## Casing
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Works basically as intended. Lessons for the next version:
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- Better locking of the solar modules.
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- The rope structure works, but building it is too complicated and takes a lot of nerves.
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- Using material tension to secure the modules via rope was basically a good idea.
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## Naming
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The English project name remains:
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@@ -39,9 +82,12 @@ The name roughly means **sun-disc firefly**. It keeps the solar theme, adds a sl
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---
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## Contributing
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PRs and issues welcome. Keep it simple.
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PRs and issues welcome. Keep it simple.
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Photos of your build you send me go in `Documentation/gallery/` with a short caption and license notice.
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---
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## Default license**: [CC-BY-NC-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
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## License
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Default license: [CC-BY-NC-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
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@@ -6,19 +6,33 @@
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Project definitions, sources
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Version: 0.3 - ATTiny85, 1 MHz, BOD fuse disabled
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Version: 0.4 - ATTiny85, 1 MHz, BOD fuse disabled
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gitea : https://gitea.togo-lab.io/tgohle/0001-FireFly
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Date : 2026-06-14
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Date : 2026-11-08
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Key changes Version 0.3:
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Key changes Version 0.4 (goal: lowest possible average current):
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- Removed unnecessary ADC enable/disable from loop()
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- Disabled ADC and analog comparator in setup()
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- Added INPUT_PULLUP for unused Arduino pins 0, 1, 2 will save power
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- Added safer watchdog setup with interrupt protection to save run near brownout
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- Added wdt_reset() before sleep for cleaner 8 s timing
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- Added lowercase-to-uppercase handling
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- Unsupported characters are now ignored without adding fake timing gaps
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- No delay(), no millis(): Timer0 and Timer1 are not needed any more and
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are switched off in PRR.
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- ALL timing (Morse units, sensing window, 8 s sleep) is done by the watchdog
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in interrupt mode while the CPU is in POWER-DOWN. The CPU runs only for a
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few microseconds per wake-up. LED pins keep their state in power-down.
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- Darkness sensing no longer polls digitalRead() in a busy loop (that was
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~0.3-1 s awake per cycle). The LED junction is charged, then the CPU sleeps
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in 16 ms steps and checks the pin: bright light exits after the first step.
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- ADC is disabled BEFORE it is gated off in PRR (order matters).
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- After a power-on / external reset the sketch waits RECOVER_CYCLES cycles
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before it blinks again, so a nearly empty supercap can recharge first.
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Default ~16 minutes, therefore added a debug option.
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- Optional: BOD disable during sleep (only useful if BOD fuse is enabled).
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Not tested yet.
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- Field Test: After a sunny day in Winter, outdoor -1 ... 8°C, with a payload
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of 10 signs) it blinks for >> 12h.
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Timing note: the watchdog oscillator is not precise (changes with Vcc and
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temperature). All Morse timing comes from the same clock, so dit/dah/gap
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ratios stay correct; only the absolute speed drifts a little.
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The HW actual allowes 5V and 3.3V, standard is 3.3V. So don't expec exact timing.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@@ -60,6 +74,12 @@ Inspired by Karl Lunt's FireFly project:
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#include <avr/interrupt.h>
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#include <string.h>
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// DEBUG_TEST 1 = bench testing: no reset-recovery wait, a blink attempt every
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// 8 s, and a short flash when the sketch thinks it is BRIGHT.
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// SET TO 0 FOR THE FIELD (48 s cycle, 16 min recovery wait after a reset).
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#define DEBUG_TEST 0
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#ifndef cbi
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#define cbi(sfr, bit) (_SFR_BYTE(sfr) &= ~_BV(bit))
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#endif
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@@ -68,16 +88,55 @@ Inspired by Karl Lunt's FireFly project:
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#endif
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Timing: unit length in ms.
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// At 1 MHz, delay() is accurate when F_CPU=1000000L is set in boards.txt.
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// 100 ms gives readable optical Morse; raise to 150 ms if readability is poor.
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#define unitLength 100
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// Watchdog timeout codes (nominal, at ~5 V; real values vary with Vcc/temp):
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// actual HW uses 3.3 (standard) or 5V (for blue LED experimental setup)
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// so don't expect exact timing)
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// 0=16ms 1=32ms 2=64ms 3=128ms 4=250ms 5=500ms
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// 6=1s 7=2s 8=4s 9=8s
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//
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// One Morse unit = UNIT_WDT_A + UNIT_WDT_B -> 64 ms + 32 ms = ~96 ms
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// A=3, B=0 -> ~144 ms (easier to read, more LED time)
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// A=3, B=0xFF -> ~128 ms
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// A=2, B=0xFF -> ~64 ms (fast, less LED time, harder to read by eye)
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// Use 0xFF for B to skip the second sleep.
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#define UNIT_WDT_A 2
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#define UNIT_WDT_B 1
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Sleep interval.
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// Watchdog setup uses 8 s. For final use, change sleepCycles from 4 to 6
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// for about 32s - 48s between sensing/blinking activations. Goal ~ 1 blink/min
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const uint8_t sleepCycles = 6;
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// Sleep interval between two sensing/blink attempts: sleepCycles x 8 s.
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// 6 x 8 s = 48 s. Goal ~ 1 blink/min.
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#if DEBUG_TEST
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const uint8_t sleepCycles = 1;
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#else
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const uint8_t sleepCycles = 5;
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#endif
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Darkness window in 16 ms steps (nominal).
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// After charging the LED junction the CPU sleeps step by step. If the pin
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// reads LOW within the window the LED discharged quickly = bright = no blink.
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// Still HIGH after the full window = dark = blink.
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// Longer window = triggers in brighter conditions (like the old threshold).
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// The window costs almost no energy (CPU sleeps), so it is only a threshold.
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// Calibrate at real dusk. Old threshold 17000 loops: measure the old
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// sensDarkness() time with micros() at your dusk level and divide it by 16 ms.
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const uint8_t darkSteps = 40; // ~640 ms
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// After a power-on / external reset (e.g. supercap was empty, DC/DC restart)
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// do not blink for this many cycles (x ~48 s) so the supercap can recharge.
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// 20 -> ~16 min. Set to 0 while testing/uploading (upload = external reset).
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#if DEBUG_TEST
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#define RECOVER_CYCLES 0
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#else
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#define RECOVER_CYCLES 20
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#endif
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Set to 1 only if the BOD fuse is enabled (e.g. hfuse 0xDE = 1.8 V).
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// Then BOD is switched off during power-down to save its ~20 uA.
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// With BOD fuse disabled this has no effect, leave it 0.
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#define BOD_FUSE_ENABLED 0
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// LED pin definitions (N-side = cathode, P-side = anode for sensing/driving).
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@@ -95,28 +154,25 @@ const uint8_t sleepCycles = 6;
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// ATTiny85 has 512 bytes SRAM; this keeps the Morse text in flash.
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// Only uppercase letters, digits, spaces, and the special chars in the switch
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// below are emitted. Lowercase letters are converted to uppercase.
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// Test setup: 20 x "0" because 0 = "-----" gives maximum LED ON time for test.
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// shorter text will better, more text will cost more power.
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const char morseText[] PROGMEM = "TGO 26";
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// Ruler: 0....0....1...1....2
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// Ruler: 0....5....0...5....0
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Darkness threshold.
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// Higher value = triggers in brighter conditions.
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// Best calibrated at actual dusk/dawn with the chosen LED type.
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const unsigned int darknessThreshold = 17000;
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// Shorter text = less LED time = less energy.
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const char morseText[] PROGMEM = "TOGO-LAB.IO FIREFLY";
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// Ruler: 0....0....1....1....2
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// Ruler: 01...5....0....5....0
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Watchdog interrupt flag — volatile because it is written in an ISR.
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volatile bool f_wdt = true;
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// Watchdog interrupt flag - volatile because it is written in an ISR.
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volatile bool f_wdt = false;
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// Remaining cycles without blinking after a reset.
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static uint8_t recoverCycles = 0;
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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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// Forward declarations.
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void setup_watchdog(uint8_t ii);
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void system_sleep();
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static void sleepWdt(uint8_t ii);
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static void waitUnits(uint8_t n);
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void configureUnusedPins();
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void releaseLedPins(int LED_N, int LED_P);
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unsigned int sensDarkness(int LED_N, int LED_P);
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bool isDark(int LED_N, int LED_P);
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void morse(int LED_N, int LED_P);
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void dit(int LED_P);
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void dah(int LED_P);
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@@ -126,22 +182,28 @@ void dah(int LED_P);
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// ===========================================================================
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void setup()
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{
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// Disable unused peripherals immediately to save power.
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// PRTIM1, PRUSI: unused, safe to gate off.
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// PRADC: ADC is not used; LED sensing is done with digitalRead().
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// PRTIM0: must stay ON while awake because delay() depends on Timer0.
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PRR = (1 << PRTIM1) | (1 << PRUSI) | (1 << PRADC);
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// ADC off. It is not needed for digitalRead()-based LED sensing.
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cbi(ADCSRA, ADEN);
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// Analog comparator off. Saves a little sleep current.
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ACSR |= (1 << ACD);
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// Remember why we restarted, then clear the flags.
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uint8_t resetCause = MCUSR;
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MCUSR = 0;
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if (resetCause & ((1 << PORF) | (1 << BORF) | (1 << EXTRF))) {
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recoverCycles = RECOVER_CYCLES;
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}
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// Pins first (while the Arduino core can still reach all timer registers
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// for its turnOffPWM() handling in digitalWrite()).
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configureUnusedPins();
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releaseLedPins(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE);
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setup_watchdog(9); // 8-second watchdog interval.
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// ADC off FIRST, then gate its clock. With PRADC set, ADC register
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// writes are ignored, so the order matters.
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cbi(ADCSRA, ADEN);
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// Analog comparator off.
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ACSR |= (1 << ACD);
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// Power reduction: ADC, USI, Timer0, Timer1 all off.
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// Nothing in this sketch uses them: no delay(), no millis(), no analogWrite().
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PRR = (1 << PRADC) | (1 << PRUSI) | (1 << PRTIM0) | (1 << PRTIM1);
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}
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// ===========================================================================
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@@ -149,22 +211,29 @@ void setup()
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// ===========================================================================
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void loop()
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{
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if (f_wdt) {
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f_wdt = false;
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if (sensDarkness(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE) > darknessThreshold) {
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morse(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE);
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}
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// Return LED pins to high-Z before sleeping.
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// Internal pullups stay disabled for the LED pins.
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releaseLedPins(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE);
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if (recoverCycles > 0) {
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recoverCycles--;
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} else if (isDark(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE)) {
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morse(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE);
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}
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#if DEBUG_TEST
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else {
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// Sketch decided "bright": one short ~128 ms flash so you can see it.
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pinMode(LED1_N_SIDE, OUTPUT);
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pinMode(LED1_P_SIDE, OUTPUT);
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digitalWrite(LED1_N_SIDE, LOW);
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digitalWrite(LED1_P_SIDE, HIGH);
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sleepWdt(3);
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digitalWrite(LED1_P_SIDE, LOW);
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}
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#endif
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// Return LED pins to high-Z before sleeping.
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// Internal pullups stay disabled for the LED pins.
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releaseLedPins(LED1_N_SIDE, LED1_P_SIDE);
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// Test setup: 1 x 8 s sleep.
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// Final setup: set sleepCycles = 4 for about 32 s.
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for (uint8_t i = 0; i < sleepCycles; i++) {
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system_sleep();
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sleepWdt(9); // 8 s each
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}
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}
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@@ -188,87 +257,102 @@ void releaseLedPins(int LED_N, int LED_P)
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}
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// ===========================================================================
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// Sleep helpers
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// Sleep helpers (watchdog = only timebase)
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// ===========================================================================
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void system_sleep()
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ISR(WDT_vect)
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{
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// Reset watchdog counter so each sleep cycle starts with a fresh interval.
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wdt_reset();
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set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);
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// Atomic sleep entry pattern.
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// After sei(), AVR executes the next instruction before servicing interrupts,
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// so sleep_cpu() is not skipped by a just-pending interrupt.
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cli();
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sleep_enable();
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sei();
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sleep_cpu();
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// WDT interrupt wakes the CPU here.
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sleep_disable();
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f_wdt = true;
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}
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// Watchdog setup - ii selects timeout:
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// 0=16ms 1=32ms 2=64ms 3=128ms 4=250ms 5=500ms
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// 6=1s 7=2s 8=4s 9=8s
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void setup_watchdog(uint8_t ii)
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// Sleep in POWER-DOWN until the watchdog interrupt fires after timeout code ii
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// (0=16 ms ... 9=8 s). Reconfigures the watchdog on every call, so the full
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// interval always starts fresh.
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static void sleepWdt(uint8_t ii)
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{
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if (ii > 9) ii = 9;
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uint8_t bb = ii & 7;
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if (ii > 7) bb |= (1 << WDP3);
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uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;
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cli();
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// Interrupt-only mode (WDE = 0). WDIF written as 1 clears a stale flag.
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const uint8_t cfg = bb | (1 << WDIE) | (1 << WDIF);
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f_wdt = false;
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cli();
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wdt_reset();
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MCUSR &= ~(1 << WDRF);
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// Timed sequence: enable configuration change, then set interrupt-only WDT.
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WDTCR |= (1 << WDCE) | (1 << WDE);
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WDTCR = bb | (1 << WDIE);
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// Timed sequence: the two writes must follow each other within 4 cycles.
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WDTCR = (1 << WDCE) | (1 << WDE);
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WDTCR = cfg;
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SREG = oldSREG;
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set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);
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// Atomic sleep entry: after sei() the next instruction (sleep_cpu) still
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// executes before any interrupt is serviced, so the wake-up cannot be missed.
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// Loop again if something else woke the CPU.
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while (!f_wdt) {
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sleep_enable();
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#if BOD_FUSE_ENABLED
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sleep_bod_disable();
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#endif
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sei();
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sleep_cpu();
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sleep_disable();
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cli();
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}
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sei();
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}
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ISR(WDT_vect)
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// Wait n Morse units in power-down.
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static void waitUnits(uint8_t n)
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{
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f_wdt = true;
|
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while (n--) {
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sleepWdt(UNIT_WDT_A);
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#if UNIT_WDT_B != 0xFF
|
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sleepWdt(UNIT_WDT_B);
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ===========================================================================
|
||||
// Light sensor
|
||||
// ===========================================================================
|
||||
// Returns a "darkness level": higher = darker.
|
||||
// Charges the LED junction capacitance, then times how long it takes to bleed
|
||||
// back through the reverse-biased LED until the input reads LOW.
|
||||
// ~30000 = pitch black, ~0 = bright light
|
||||
unsigned int sensDarkness(int LED_N, int LED_P)
|
||||
// Returns true if it is dark.
|
||||
// Charges the LED junction capacitance, then lets it bleed through the
|
||||
// reverse-biased LED while the CPU sleeps. Checks the pin every ~16 ms.
|
||||
// LOW within the window -> bright (discharged fast)
|
||||
// still HIGH at the end -> dark
|
||||
// In power-down the input buffer of the floating pin is disabled by hardware,
|
||||
// so the slowly falling voltage causes no shoot-through current.
|
||||
bool isDark(int LED_N, int LED_P)
|
||||
{
|
||||
unsigned int i;
|
||||
|
||||
// Charge the LED junction capacitance.
|
||||
pinMode(LED_N, OUTPUT);
|
||||
pinMode(LED_P, OUTPUT);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_N, HIGH);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, LOW);
|
||||
|
||||
// Let the N-side float and measure bleed-down time.
|
||||
// Let the N-side float (no pullup) and measure bleed-down time.
|
||||
pinMode(LED_N, INPUT);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_N, LOW); // disable internal pullup
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_N, LOW);
|
||||
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < 30000; i++) {
|
||||
if (digitalRead(LED_N) == LOW) break;
|
||||
bool dark = true;
|
||||
for (uint8_t k = 0; k < darkSteps; k++) {
|
||||
sleepWdt(0); // ~16 ms
|
||||
if (digitalRead(LED_N) == LOW) {
|
||||
dark = false; // bright: stop early
|
||||
break;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Clean up after sensing: both LED pins low, then caller releases them.
|
||||
// Clean up after sensing: both LED pins low, caller releases them.
|
||||
pinMode(LED_N, OUTPUT);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_N, LOW);
|
||||
pinMode(LED_P, OUTPUT);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, LOW);
|
||||
|
||||
return i;
|
||||
return dark;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ===========================================================================
|
||||
@@ -277,17 +361,17 @@ unsigned int sensDarkness(int LED_N, int LED_P)
|
||||
void dit(int LED_P)
|
||||
{
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, HIGH);
|
||||
delay(unitLength);
|
||||
waitUnits(1);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, LOW);
|
||||
delay(unitLength);
|
||||
waitUnits(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void dah(int LED_P)
|
||||
{
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, HIGH);
|
||||
delay(unitLength * 3);
|
||||
waitUnits(3);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, LOW);
|
||||
delay(unitLength);
|
||||
waitUnits(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ===========================================================================
|
||||
@@ -371,7 +455,7 @@ void morse(int LED_N, int LED_P)
|
||||
// Previous symbol already ended with 1 unit OFF and then received the
|
||||
// normal 2 unit character gap. Add 4 units here -> total word gap 7 units.
|
||||
case ' ':
|
||||
delay(unitLength * 4);
|
||||
waitUnits(4);
|
||||
break;
|
||||
|
||||
// Unsupported chars are ignored without adding an artificial gap.
|
||||
@@ -382,10 +466,10 @@ void morse(int LED_N, int LED_P)
|
||||
// Inter-character gap: 3 units total.
|
||||
// dit()/dah() already trail 1 unit OFF, so add the remaining 2 units.
|
||||
if (symbolSent) {
|
||||
delay(unitLength * 2);
|
||||
waitUnits(2);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_P, LOW);
|
||||
digitalWrite(LED_N, LOW);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in new issue
Block a user